This map of Australia shows that PFAS are found in most, if not all of the areas where people live!
Understanding PFAS: The “Forever Chemicals”, Their Impact on Our Lives and Health and environmental risks of PFAS chemicals
Although I knew of the chemicals, I admit that I hadn’t heard the term PFAS when I was first asked to be a co-supervisor of a PhD student studying some of their effects. I have, however, had a long-term interest in environmental chemicals and especially in their possible carcinogenicity i.e. cancer-causing properties. This blog is a brief summary of the health and environmental risks of PFAS chemicals.
In recent years, it’s likely that you will have become aware of the term “PFAS” and that you will see articles in the media. It is also likely to pop up more frequently in discussions about environmental health and safety, initially in association with fire-fighting foam.
So, having unexpectantly been in the middle of a bushfire ten days ago, I thought I would write a blog about PFAS, although fortunately, because we live close to a large lake, I think our fire was fought with water!
The abbreviation PFAS is short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and these chemicals have garnered a reputation as the “forever chemicals” because of their persistence in the environment and in the human body. But what are they? Should we worry about them, and what steps can we take to minimize their impact on our lives?
What Are PFAS? What are the health and environmental risks of PFAS chemicals?
PFAS are a group of more than 4,700 (nearly 5,000) synthetic chemicals used since the 1940s (i.e. for most of our entire lives), in various industries for their water- and grease-resistant properties. Their very purpose implies that they will be permanent and dangerous to the environment!
PFAS are found in a wide range of products, including non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, food packaging, and firefighting foam.
Their unique chemical structure allows them to resist being broken down in the environment, which is why they have been dubbed “forever chemicals.” They accumulate both in the environment, in the plants both we and animals eat, in the meat of animals we eat and, in our bodies, so it isn’t surprising that research scientists are now concerned about the possible long-term effects!
PFAS chemicals also have direct effects on the environment and thus directly impact various ecosystems, including plants, animals, soil, and water systems. You will find extensive information on the effects on wildlife in this reference[1].
Here’s a closer look at some of these effects:
(a) Environmental Effects
Soil Contamination
PFAS can accumulate in soils, particularly in areas near industrial sites or where firefighting foams have been used. This contamination can disrupt soil health, affecting microbial communities that play essential roles in nutrient cycling and soil fertility. But all PFAS do not behave in exactly the same way. During uptake experiments in hydroponically-grown lettuce, long-chain PFASs (≥ eight Carbon atoms) exhibited greater accumulations in lettuce roots, while short-chain PFASs (≤ seven Carbon atoms) manifested preferential transport to the shoots[2].
Water Sources
PFAS are highly soluble and can leach into groundwater and surface water, contaminating drinking water supplies. Aquatic ecosystems are affected as these chemicals accumulate in water bodies, posing risks to fish and other organisms. It is likely that most water supplies are now contaminated and although filtration systems will reduce the amount of pollution (and it is advisable to use one), it is likely that most filters won’t remove all the PFAS.
Impact on Plants
All plants can absorb PFAS through their roots, which may lead to reduced growth and compromised health. Contaminated soil can hinder nutrient uptake and negatively affect plant physiology, leading to lower yields in agricultural crops.
However, some plants can remove PFAS from contaminated waterways and recent research from the University of South Australia has shown that Australian native rushes – Phragmites australis, Baumea articulata, and Juncus kraussii and Phragmites australis can remove about 50%.
Wildlife Exposure
What are the health and environmental risks of PFAS chemicals to Wildlife? Wildlife, including birds and mammals, can be exposed to PFAS through contaminated water, food sources, and their habitats. Studies have shown that PFAS can accumulate in the tissues of animals, potentially leading to health problems, reproductive issues, and also altered behaviour.
Ecosystem Disruption
The introduction of PFAS into ecosystems can disrupt food webs. Predators that consume contaminated prey may experience bioaccumulation, leading to higher concentrations of PFAS in their bodies, which can further impact their health and reproductive success.
Weather and Climate Effects
While PFAS do not directly influence weather patterns or climate, their persistence and environmental contamination can have broader implications for ecosystem stability and resilience. Healthy ecosystems are crucial for climate regulation, and contamination can compromise this balance.
In Summary:
The environmental impact of PFAS is significant and multifaceted, affecting soil health, water quality, plant growth, and wildlife.
(b) Health Concerns in Humans
Recent studies have linked PFAS exposure to a variety of health issues. Research indicates that these chemicals may contribute to:
- Hormonal Disruption: PFAS can interfere with hormone levels, potentially affecting thyroid function and reproductive health.
- Immune System Effects: Some evidence suggests PFAS exposure may reduce the effectiveness of vaccines and overall immune response.
- Increased Cholesterol Levels: Elevated cholesterol levels have been associated with certain PFAS.
- Cancer Risks: There is ongoing research into the connection between PFAS exposure and certain types of cancer, especially kidney and testicular cancer. It is well established that the chemical known as PFOA causes both these types of cancers!
These health risks have prompted regulatory agencies and scientists to call for further research and action. In Australia, the Commonwealth Government has effectively banned the import, use and manufacture of some of the more prominent types of PFAS (PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS) from 1 July 2025. However, even the proven carcinogen PFOA is still available here for nearly another year!
How is PFOA used? If you wish to avoid direct exposure to PFOA, you need to know that it is used in several industrial applications, including carpeting, upholstery, apparel, floor wax, textiles as well as firefighting foam and sealants. It acts as a surfactant, which is a chemical that reduces surface tension and allows other chemicals (such as dyes or even herbicides and pesticides) to penetrate better.
Sources of PFAS Exposure
PFAS can enter our bodies through several pathways, including:
- Contaminated Water: PFAS can leach into groundwater from industrial sites, landfills, or military bases using firefighting foam.
- Food: Certain food packaging materials contain PFAS, and contaminated water can affect the food supply, especially in agricultural areas.
- Consumer Products: Many everyday items contain PFAS, which can lead to skin absorption and inhalation of particles.
- Dust: PFAS particles can settle in household dust, leading to unintentional ingestion or inhalation.
What Can You Do?
While PFAS may seem daunting, there are steps you can take to reduce your exposure:
Check Water Quality: If you live near industrial areas or military bases, consider testing your water for PFAS. Use a home filtration systems (a whole house if possible) as filters, like activated carbon filters, can help remove some PFAS.
Be aware of which products you are buying: Look for PFAS-free alternatives whenever you purchase cookware, clothing, and cleaning supplies. Brands are increasingly labelling their products as PFAS-free!
Limit Fast Food (you should do this anyway): Many fast-food containers are treated with PFAS for grease resistance. If you choose to buy a ready-cooked meal, ask whether you can bring your own container?
Stay Informed: Follow local and national guidelines regarding PFAS and encourage your governments to have stricter regulations. Knowledge is a powerful tool in promoting change.
In Conclusion
PFAS are a growing concern that affects environmental health and our personal well-being. By understanding their sources and risks, we can make informed choices to minimize exposure and advocate for a cleaner, safer environment. As research continues to unfold, it’s essential to stay aware and proactive in addressing the challenges posed by these persistent chemicals.
Realistically, we must face the fact that PFAS chemicals are here to stay. We can work toward a future with reduced usage of forever chemicals and hopefully gradual decontamination. Addressing PFAS contamination is crucial for protecting ecosystems and ensuring the health of both wildlife and human populations. Continued research and regulation are essential to mitigate these effects and promote a safer environment.
[1] https://news.mongabay.com/2023/09/pfas-forever-chemicals-harming-wildlife-the-world-over-study/
[2] Wang W, Yuan S, Kwon JH (2022) Insight into the uptake and translocation of PFAS in hydroponically grown lettuce. Enviro Sc & Pollution Res 29: 85454